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Electronics
Electronics Lab
Safety Instructions
Lab Equipment
Breadboard
Jumper Wires
Power Supply
Multimeter
Tools
Electronic Components
Resistors
390 Ohm Resistor
470 Ohm Resistor
1 kOhm Resistor
2k2 Ohm Resistor
4k7 Ohm Resistor
10 kOhm Resistor
22 kOhm Resistor
47 kOhm Resistor
100 kOhm Resistor
1 MOhm Resistor
Potentiometer
Trimming Pot 10 kOhm
Trimming Pot 100 kOhm
Ceramic Capacitors
Ceramic 1nF
Ceramic 10nF
Electrolytic Capacitors
Electrolytic 10muF
Electrolytic 100muF
Diodes
1N4001
1N914
Transistors
BC 516
BC 517
BC 547
BC 557
Voltage Regulators
7805
7809
Comparators
LM311
LM339
LM393
C-MOS 4000 Series IC
C-MOS 4001
C-MOS 4011
C-MOS 4013
C-MOS 4016
C-MOS 4023
C-MOS 4027
C-MOS 4063
C-MOS 4066
C-MOS 4069
C-MOS 4070
C-MOS 4071
C-MOS 4072
C-MOS 4073
C-MOS 4075
C-MOS 4077
C-MOS 4081
C-MOS 4082
C-MOS 4093
C-MOS 4098
Switches
Pushbutton Switch
Circuit Diagram
Circuit Diagram 1 - Basics
Circuit Diagram 2 - Layout
Circuit Diagram 3 - Best Practices
Circuit Diagram 4 - Best Practices Example
Logical Symbols
Troubleshooting
Troubleshooting 1 - Preparation
Troubleshooting 2 - Systematic Approach
Troubleshooting 3 - Functional Group
Troubleshooting 4 - Components
Troubleshooting 5 - No Fault
Basic Electronics
Resistor
Introduction
Get Started...
What you need...
Resistors
Let's go...
Experiment 1 - Resistor
Experiment 2 - Resistor II
Experiment 3 - Heat Generation
Experiment 4 - Light Bulb
Experiment 5 - Series Circuit
Experiment 6 - Series Circuit II
Experiment 7 - Voltage Divider
Experiment 8 - Parallel Circuit
Experiment 9 - Parallel Circuit II
Experiment 10 - Current Divider
Potentiometer
Introduction
Get Started...
What you need...
Let's go...
Experiment 1 - Potentiometer
Experiment 2 - Potentiometer II
Experiment 3 - Adjustable Resistor
Experiment 4 - Voltage Divider
Capacitor
Introduction
Get Started...
What you need...
Capacitors
Let's go...
Experiment 1 - The Capacitor
Experiment 2 - The Capacitor II
Experiment 3 - The Charging Current
Experiment 4 - The Charging Current II
Experiment 5 - The Capacity
Experiment 6 - Capacitor - Battery
Experiment 7 - Parallel Circuit
Experiment 8 - Parallel Circuit II
Experiment 9 - Series Circuit
Experiment 10 - Series Circuit II
Go on...
Experiment 11 - Delay Circuit
Experiment 12 - Delay Circuit II
Experiment 13 - Staircase Light
Experiment 14 - Blinker Circuit
Know more...
Inductor
Semiconductor Devices
Diode
Introduction
Get Started...
What you need...
The Diodes
Let's go...
Experiment 1 - Forward Direction
Experiment 2 - Reverse Direction
Experiment 3 - Ideal Diode
Experiment 4 - Forward Voltage
Experiment 5 - Reverse Voltage
Experiment 6 - Leakage Current
Experiment 7 - Breakdown Voltage
Transistor
Introduction
Get Started...
What you need...
Let's go...
Experiment 1 - The Transistor
Experiment 2 - The Transistor II
Experiment 3 - The Transistor III
Experiment 4 - The Transistor IV
Experiment 5 - The PNP Transistor
Experiment 6 - The PNP Transistor II
Experiment 7 - The Switch
Experiment 8 - The Amplifier
Go on...
Experiment 9 - The Switch II
Experiment 10 - Darlington Pair
Experiment 11 - Transistor Logic
Experiment 12 - NOT Circuit
Experiment 13 - AND Circuit
Thyristor
Introduction
Get Started...
What you need...
The Thyristor
Let's go...
Experiment 1 - Thyristor
Experiment 2 - Thyristor ON-State
Experiment 3 - Thyristor OFF-State
Optoelectronics
Light-Emitting Diode (LED)
Introduction
Get Started...
What you need...
The LED
Let's go...
Experiment 1 - LED
Experiment 2 - Forward Voltage
Experiment 3 - Current-Limiting Resistor
Experiment 4 - Parallel Circuit
Experiment 5 - Series Circuit
Experiment 6 - Series Circuit II
Experiment 7 - Mixed Circuits
Experiment 8 - Colored LEDs
Optocoupler
Introduction
Get Started...
What you need...
Different Optocoupler
Let's go...
Experiment 1 - Optocoupler
Experiment 2 - Optocoupler II
Basic Circuits
Transistor Basic Circuits
Introduction
Get Started...
What you need...
Let's go...
Experiment 1 - Transistor Circuit
Experiment 2 - Quadripole
Experiment 3 - Common Emitter Circuit
Experiment 4 - Common Emitter Circuit II
Experiment 5 - Common Emitter Circuit III
Experiment 6 - Common Collector Circuit
Experiment 7 - Common Collector Circuit II
Experiment 8 - Emitter Follower
Transistor Logic
Introduction
Get Started...
What you need...
Digital Signals
Let's go...
Experiment 1 - ID Logic (RTL)
Experiment 2 - NOT Logic (RTL)
Experiment 3 - AND Logic (RTL)
Experiment 4 - OR Logic (RTL)
Experiment 5 - NAND Logic (RTL)
Experiment 6 - NOR Logic (RTL)
Experiment 7 - NOR Logic II (RTL)
Experiment 8 - OR Logic II (RTL)
Darlington Pair
Get Started...
What you need...
Let's go...
Experiment 1 - Amplifier
Experiment 2 - Darlington Pair
Experiment 3 - Darlington Pair II
Experiment 4 - Darlington Pair III
Experiment 5 - Darlington Pair IV
Experiment 6 - Darlington Transistor
Experiment 7 - PNP Darlington Pair
Experiment 8 - PNP Darlington Transistor
Experiment 9 - Sziklai Pair
Experiment 10 - Sziklai Pair II
Experiment 11 - PNP Sziklai Pair
Go on...
Experiment 12 - Touch Switch
Experiment 13 - Reverse Current Diode
Experiment 14 - LED as Light Detector
Know more...
Experiment 15 - Currents
Experiment 16 - Calculation Gain
Experiment 17 - Calculation Gain II
Schmitt Trigger
Introduction
Get Started...
What you need...
Let's go...
Experiment 1 - Schmitt Trigger
Experiment 2 - Schmitt Trigger II
Experiment 3 - Threshold
Experiment 4 - Hysteresis
Experiment 5 - Voltage Comparator
Experiment 6 - Comparator ST
Experiment 7 - Non-Inverting S-T
Experiment 8 - Inverting Schmitt-Trigger
Experiment 9 - Circuit Symbol
Experiment 10 - Schmitt Trigger Inverter
Multivibrator
Introduction
Get Started
What you need...
C-MOS IC
Let's go...
Experiment 1 - Transistor as Switch
Experiment 2 - Multivibrator (MV)
Experiment 3 - bistable MV
Experiment 4 - bistable MV II
Experiment 5 - monostable MV
Experiment 6 - monostable MV II
Experiment 7 - monostable MV III
Experiment 8 - astable MV
Experiment 9 -astable MV II
Experiment 10 - Warning Blinker
Go on...
Experiment 11 - bMV with NOR gates
Experiment 12 - Monoflop
Experiment 13 - Monoflop II
Experiment 14 - Signal Delay
Experiment 15 - aMV with NOT gates
Experiment 16 - aMV with Schmitt-Trigger
Experiment 17 - gated aMV
Experiment 18 - mMV with Timer 555
Experiment 19 - aMV with Timer 555
Experiment 20 - gated amV with Timer 555
Integrated Circuits
Voltage Regulator
Get Started...
What you need...
Voltage Regulator 78xx
Let's go...
Experiment 1 - Voltage Regulator
Experiment 2 - Voltage Regulator II
Experiment 3 - Smoothing Capacitors
Experiment 4 - Flyback Diode
Experiment 5 - Higher Voltage
Experiment 6 - Higher Voltage II
Experiment 7 - Heat Development
Experiment 8 - Heat Development II
Experiment 9 - Drop Out Voltage
Experiment 10 - LDO Voltage Regulator
Experiment 11 - LDO Voltage Regulator II
Experiment 12 - Adjustable VR
Experiment 13 - Adjustable VR II
Experiment 14 - Adjustable VR III
Experiment 15 - Adjustable VR IV
Comparator
Introduction
Get Started...
What you need...
Let's go...
Experiment 1 - Reference Voltage
Experiment 2 - Input Voltage
Experiment 3 - Non-Inverting Comparator
Experiment 4 - Inverting Comparator
Experiment 5 - Ideal Comparator
Experiment 6 - Input Offset Voltage
Experiment 7 - Feedback
Experiment 8 - Schmitt Trigger
Experiment 9 - Inverting Schmitt Trigger
Experiment 10 - Open-Collector Output
Experiment 11 - Open-Collector Output II
Experiment 12 - Pull-Up Resistor
Timer 555
Introduction
Get Started...
What you need...
Timer NE555
Let's go...
Experiment 1 - Power Supply
Experiment 2 - Ctrl Reference Voltage
Experiment 3 - OUT Output
Experiment 4 - Trigger Input
Experiment 5 - Threshold Input
Experiment 6 - RESET Input
Experiment 7 - Discharge
Experiment 8 - Discharge II
Experiment 9 - Discharge III
Go on...
Experiment 10 - bistable Multivibrator
Experiment 11 - Monoflop
Experiment 12 - non-retriggerable Monoflop
Experiment 13 - retriggerable Monoflop
Experiment 14 - Signal Delay
Experiment 15 - astable Multivibrator
Experiment 16 - Gated aMV
Experiment 17 - symmetric aMV
Experiment 18 - adjustable aMV
Digital Electronics
Boolean Logic
Introduction
Get Started...
What you need...
Let's go...
Experiment 1 - The NOT Gate
Experiment 2 - The AND Gate
Experiment 3 - The OR Gate
Experiment 4 - The XOR gate
Experiment 5 - The XOR gate II
Experiment 6 - The NAND gate
Experiment 7 - The NOR gate
Experiment 8 - The XNOR gate
Experiment 9 - Logic with NOR Gates
Experiment 10 - Logic with NOR gates II
Go on...
Experiment 11 - The Half Adder
Experiment 12 - The Full Adder
Experiment 13 - The Full Adder II
Experiment 14 - Feedback
Experiment 15 - The Latch
Experiment 16 - The Latch II
Know more...
Experiment 17 - Logic with NAND Gates
Experiment 18 - Logic with NAND Gates II
Experiment 19 - NOR - NAND
Experiment 20 - 3-Input AND Gate
Experiment 21 - 3-Input AND Gate II
Experiment 22 - 3-Input AND Gate III
Experiment 23 - 4-Input AND Gate
Experiment 24 - 3-Input OR Gate
Experiment 25 - 3-Input OR Gate II
Experiment 26 - 3-Input OR Gate III
Experiment 27 - 4-Input OR Gate
Flip-Flop
Introduction
Get Started...
What you need...
Let's go...
Experiment 1 - Feedback
Experiment 2 - Bistable Multivibrator
Experiment 3 - RS Latch
Experiment 4 - Gated RS Latch
Experiment 5 - D Latch
Experiment 6 - Gated D Latch
Experiment 7 - Clock Input
Experiment 8 - Master-Slave
Experiment 9 - D Flip-Flop
Experiment 10 - JK Flip-Flop
Experiment 11 - T Flip-Flop
Experiment 12 - T Flip-Flop II
Experiment 13 - Conversion
Go on...
Experiment 14 - Applications
Experiment 15 - Counter
Experiment 16 - Counter II
Experiment 17 - Counter III
Experiment 18 - Shift Register
Experiment 19 - Shift Register II
Know more...
Experiment 20 - RS Latch with NAND
Experiment 21 - RS Latch with NAND II
Experiment 22 - Gated D Latch with NAND
Experiment 23 - Asynchronous Inputs
Experiment 24 - Asynchronous Input D-FF
Experiment 25 - JK Latch
Experiment 26 - Gated JK Latch
Adder
Introduction
Get Started...
What you need...
Let's go...
Experiment 1 - Binary Numbers
Experiment 2 - Half Adder
Experiment 3 - Full Adder
Experiment 4 - 2-bit Adder
Experiment 5 - Ripple-Carry Adder
Experiment 6 - n-bit Ripple-Carry
Counter
Introduction
Get Started...
What you need...
Let's go...
Experiment 1 - 1-bit Counter
Experiment 2 - 2-bit Counter
Experiment 3 - 4-bit Counter
Experiment 4 - Mod-6 Counter
Experiment 5 - Mod-10 Counter
Experiment 6 - 2-bit Down Counter
Experiment 7 - 4-bit Down Counter
Experiment 8 - Asynchronous - Synchronous
Experiment 9 - Synchronous 2-bit Counter
Experiment 10 - False Synch. 4-bit Counter
Experiment 11 - Synchronous 4-bit Counter
Experiment 12 - 2-bit Up/Down Counter
Experiment 13 - 4-bit Up/Down Counter
Experiment 14 - Ring Counter
Experiment 15 - Johnson Counter
Shift Register
Introduction
Get Started...
What you need...
Let's go...
Experiment 1 - Storage Unit
Experiment 2 - 2-bit Shift Register
Experiment 3 - 4-bit Shift Register
Experiment 4 - Asynchronous Input
Experiment 5 - Shift Register with RESET
Experiment 6 - Destructive Output
Digital Comparator
Introduction
Get Started...
What you need...
Let's go...
Experiment 1 - 1-bit Identity Comparator
Experiment 2 - 2-bit Identity Comparator
Experiment 3 - n-bit Identity Comparator
Experiment 4 - 1-bit Magnitude Comparator
Experiment 5 - 2-bit Magnitude Comparator
Experiment 6 - 2-bit Mag. Comparator II
Experiment 7 - 4-bit Magnitude Comparator
Experiment 8 - 8-bit Magnitude Comparator
Know more...
Multiplexer
Introduction
Get Started...
What you need...
Let's go...
Experiment 1 - 2-to-1 Multiplexer
Experiment 2 - 4-to-1 Multiplexer
Experiment 3 - 1-to-2 Demultiplexer
Experiment 4 - 1-to-4 Demultiplexer
Experiment 5 - Multiplexer-Demultiplexer
Experiment 6 - Bilateral Switch
Experiment 7 - ON Resistance
Experiment 8 - Analog Switch
Experiment 9 - 2-to-1 Analog MUX
Experiment 10 - 1-to-2 Analog DMUX
Experiment 11 - 4-to-1 Analog MUX
Chemistry
Chemistry Lab
Chemicals
Electrochemistry
Galvanic Cell
Physics
Physics Lab
Components
Power Resistor
Resistor 10 Ohm/5 Watt
Resistor 100 Ohm/5 Watt
Resistor 10 Ohm/11 Watt
Electricity
Measuring Current-Voltage
Get Started...
What you need...
The Multimeter
Let's go...
Experiment 1 - Electric Circuit
Experiment 2 - Current Measurement
Experiment 3 - Real Ammeter
Experiment 4 - Voltage Measurement
Experiment 5 - Real Voltmeter
Experiment 6 - Measure Correct Voltage
Experiment 7 - Measure Correct Current
Kirchhoff's Laws
Introduction
Get Started...
What you need...
Let's go...
Experiment 1 - Circuit
Experiment 2 - Current
Experiment 3 - Voltage
Experiment 4 - Junction
Experiment 5 - Kirchhoff's Current Law
Experiment 6 - Kirchhoff's Current Law II
Experiment 7 - Kirchhoff's Voltage Law
Experiment 8 - Kirchhoff's Voltage Law II
Experiment 9 - Kirchhoff's Voltage Law III
Go on...
Experiment 10 - Measuring Current
Experiment 11 - Measuring Voltage
Experiment 12 - Capacitor
Experiment 13 - Transistor
Experiment 14 - Resistor Cube
Experiment 15 - Resistor Cube II
Battery
Introduction
Get Started...
What you need...
Batteries
The Load Resistor
Let's go...
Experiment 1 - Series Circuit
Experiment 2 - Series Circuit II
Experiment 3 - Series Circuit III
Experiment 4 - Load Circuit
Experiment 5 - Ideal Battery
Experiment 6 - Real Battery
Experiment 7 - Internal Resistance
Experiment 8 - Series Circuit IV
Experiment 9 - Parallel Circuit
Experiment 10 - Parallel Circuit II
Experiment 11 - Parallel Circuit III
Go on...
Experiment 12 - Discharging Battery
Experiment 13 - Discharging Battery II
Experiment 14 - Discharging Battery III
Experiment 15 - Practical Comments
Experiment 16 - Practical Comment II
Experiment 17 - Practical Comment III
Know more...
Experiment 18 - Derivation Formula
Experiment 19 - Capacitor
Semiconductor Physics
Photovoltaic Effect
Introduction
Get Started...
What you need...
Photovoltaic Components
Let's go...
Experiment 1 - Solar Cell
Experiment 2 - Solar Cell II
Experiment 3 - np-Junction
Experiment 4 - Photovoltaic Effect
Electroluminescence
Mathematics
Algebra
Boolean Algebra
Introduction
Get Started...
What you need...
C-MOS IC
Let's go...
Experiment 1 - Boolean Variable
Experiment 2 - AND Operation
Experiment 3 - OR Operation
Experiment 4 - NOT Operation
Experiment 5 - Commutative Law
Experiment 6 - Identity
Experiment 7 - Annihilator
Experiment 8 - Idempotence
Experiment 9 - Computation Rules
Experiment 10 - Associative Law
Experiment 11 - Distributive Law
Experiment 12 - Absorption Law
Experiment 13 - Double Negation Law
Experiment 14 - Complementary Law
Experiment 15 - De Morgan Laws
Experiment 16 - Completeness
Experiment 17 - NAND Operation
Experiment 18 - Conversion NAND
Experiment 19 - Completeness II
Experiment 20 - NOR Operation
Experiment 21 - Conversion NOR
Experiment 22 - Completeness III
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